Small but diverse: larval trematode communities in the small freshwater planorbids Gyraulus albus and Segmentina nitida (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the Ruhr River, Germany.

In contrast to the well-studied trematode fauna of lymnaeid snails, only little is known about the role of small planorbid snails as first intermediate hosts for trematodes in temperate freshwater systems. This study aims at closing this gap by assessing the diversity and composition of larval trematode communities in Gyraulus albus and Segmentina nitida in a Central European reservoir system, and by providing an updated comprehensive review of the published trematode records of these snail hosts. A total of 3691 planorbid snails (3270 G. albus; 421 S. nitida) was collected in three consecutive years from four reservoirs of the River Ruhr catchment area in Germany. Gyraulus albus showed a higher overall trematode prevalence (11.7%) and more diverse trematode fauna (12 species) compared to S. nitida, which harboured three species and showed a lower trematode prevalence (1.7%). Altogether, 13 trematode species belonging to four families were identified in both hosts. Seven trematode species encountered in this study represent novel records for these hosts, and/or constitute first records of these larval stages from Germany. Trematode component communities in G. albus were stable across seasons and years, indicating excellent conditions for trematodes in this snail host and the continuous presence of the final hosts of the most dominant trematode species. Overall, this study reveals the importance of small planorbid snails, in particular G. albus, as first intermediate hosts for a species-rich trematode fauna in European freshwater systems, and highlights the parasites' contribution to the ecosystem's biodiversity.

Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase-encoding gene in Paracoccus denitrificans is induced by azide and expressed independently of the FNR-type regulators.

Paracoccus denitrificans cells undergo changes in protein composition upon exposure to azide, a known activator of the fumarate-nitrate reduction (FNR)-type transcription factor NarR. One of the most prominent protein species inducible by azide is a Fe/Mn-family superoxide dismutase (SOD). Azide induces SOD at protein, mRNA transcript, and enzyme activity levels in the aerobically growing cells. Since SOD expression remains unaffected in the fnrP-, nnr-, and narR-mutant strains, we postulate a mechanism independent of the known FNR-type regulators but involving a redox signal arising from the respiratory chain.